CHAPTER 92
RESIDENTIAL TENANCIES
SUBCHAPTER A. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Definitions:
Except as otherwise provided by this chapter, in this chapter:
(1) "Dwelling" means one or more rooms rented for use as a permanent residence under a single lease to one or more tenants.
(2) "Landlord" means the owner, lessor, or sublessor of a dwelling, but does not include a manager or agent of the landlord unless the manager or agent purports to be the owner, lessor, or sublessor in an oral or written lease.
(3) "Lease" means any written or oral agreement between a landlord and tenant that establishes or modifies the terms, conditions, rules, or other provisions regarding the use and occupancy of a dwelling.
(4) "Normal wear and tear" means deterioration that results from the intended use of a dwelling, including, for the purposes of Subchapters B and D, breakage or malfunction due to age or deteriorated condition, but the term does not include deterioration that results from negligence, carelessness, accident, or abuse of the premises, equipment, or chattels by the tenant, by a member of the tenant's household, or by a guest or invitee of the tenant.
(5) "Premises" means a tenant's rental unit, any area or facility the lease authorizes the tenant to use, and the appurtenances, grounds, and facilities held out for the use of tenants generally.
(6) "Tenant" means a person who is authorized by a lease to occupy a dwelling to the exclusion of others and, for the purposes of Subchapters D, E, and F, who is obligated under the lease to pay rent.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.001

Application:
This chapter applies only to the relationship between landlords and tenants of residential rental property.Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.002

Landlord's Agent for Service of Process:
(a) In a lawsuit by a tenant under either a written or oral lease for a dwelling or in a suit to enforce a legal obligation of the owner as landlord of the dwelling, the owner's agent for service of process is determined according to this section.
(b) If written notice of the name and business street address of the company that manages the dwelling has been given to the tenant, the management company is the owner's sole agent for
service of process.
(c) If Subsection (b) does not apply, the owner's management company, on-premise manager, or rent collector serving the dwelling is the owner's authorized agent for service of process unless the owner's name and business street address have been furnished in writing to the tenant.Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.003

Harassment:
A party who files or prosecutes a suit under Subchapter B, D, E, or F in bad faith or for purposes of harassment is liable to the defendant for one month's rent plus $100 and for attorney's
fees.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.004

Attorney's Fees:
(a) A party who prevails in a suit brought under this subchapter or Subchapter B, E, or F may recover the party's costs of court and reasonable attorney's fees in relation to work reasonably expended.
(b) This section does not authorize a recovery of attorney's fees in an action brought under Subchapter E or F for damages that relate to or arise from property damage, personal injury, or a criminal act.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.005

Waiver or Expansion of Duties and Remedies:
(a) A landlord's duty or a tenant's remedy concerning security deposits, security devices, the landlord's disclosure of ownership and management, or utility cutoffs, as provided by Subchapter C, D, E, or G, respectively, may not be waived. A landlord's duty to install a smoke detector under Subchapter F may not be waived, nor may a tenant waive a remedy for the landlord's noninstallation or waive the tenant's limited right of installation and removal. The landlord's duty of inspection and repair of smoke detectors under Subchapter F may be waived only by written agreement.
(b) A landlord's duties and the tenant's remedies concerning security devices, the landlord's disclosure of ownership and management, or smoke detectors, as provided by Subchapter D, E,
or F, respectively, may be enlarged only by specific written agreement.
(c) A landlord's duties and the tenant's remedies under Subchapter B, which covers conditions materially affecting the physical health or safety of the ordinary tenant, may not be waived except as provided in Subsections (d), (e), and (f) of this section.
(d) A landlord and a tenant may agree for the tenant to repair or remedy, at the landlord's expense, any condition covered by Subchapter B.
(e) A landlord and a tenant may agree for the tenant to repair or remedy, at the tenant's expense, any condition covered by Subchapter B if all of the following conditions are met:
(1) at the beginning of the lease term the landlord owns only one rental dwelling;
(2) at the beginning of the lease term the dwelling is free from any condition which would materially affect the physical health or safety of an ordinary tenant;
(3) at the beginning of the lease term the landlord has no reason to believe that any condition described in Subdivision (2) of this subsection is likely to occur or recur during the tenant's lease term or during a renewal or extension; and
(4)(A) the lease is in writing;
(B) the agreement for repairs by the tenant is either underlined or printed in boldface in the lease or in a separate written addendum;
(C) the agreement is specific and clear; and
(D) the agreement is made knowingly, voluntarily, and for consideration.
(f) A landlord and tenant may agree that, except for those conditions caused by the negligence of the landlord, the tenant has the duty to pay for repair of the following conditions that may occur during the lease term or a renewal or extension:
(1) damage from wastewater stoppages caused by foreign or improper objects in lines that exclusively serve the tenant's dwelling;
(2) damage to doors, windows, or screens; and
(3) damage from windows or doors left open.
This subsection shall not affect the landlord's duty under Subchapter B to repair or remedy, at the landlord's expense, wastewater stoppages or backups caused by deterioration, breakage, roots, ground conditions, faulty construction, or malfunctioning equipment. A landlord and tenant may agree to the provisions of this subsection only if the agreement meets the requirements of Subdivision (4) of Subsection (e) of this section.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.006

Venue:
Venue for an action under this chapter is governed by Section 15.0115, Civil Practice and Remedies Code.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.007
Acts 1983, 68th Leg., p. 3632, ch. 576, § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1984. Amended by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 332, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1989; Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 650, § 2, eff. Aug. 28, 1989;

Interruption of Utilities:
(a) A landlord or a landlord's agent may not interrupt or cause the interruption of utility service paid for directly to the utility company by a tenant unless the interruption results from bona fide repairs, construction, or an emergency.
(b) Except as provided by Subsections (c) and (d), a landlord may not interrupt or cause the interruption of water, wastewater, gas, or electric service furnished to a tenant by the landlord as an incident of the tenancy or by other agreement unless the interruption results from bona fide
repairs, construction, or an emergency.
(c) A landlord may interrupt or cause the interruption of electrical service furnished to a tenant by the landlord as an incident of the tenancy or by other agreement if:
(1) the electrical service furnished to the tenant is individually metered or submetered for the dwelling unit;
(2) the electrical service connection with the utility company is in the name of the landlord or the landlord's agent; and
(3) the landlord complies with the rules adopted by the Public Utility Commission of Texas for discontinuance of submetered electrical service.
(d) A landlord may interrupt or cause the interruption of electrical service furnished to a tenant by the landlord as an incident of the tenancy or by other agreement if:
(1) the electrical service furnished to the tenant is not individually metered or submetered for the dwelling unit;
(2) the electrical service connection with the utility company is in the name of the landlord or the landlord's agent;
(3) the tenant is at least seven days late in paying the rent;
(4) the landlord has mailed or hand-delivered to the tenant at least five days before the date the electrical service is interrupted a written notice that states:
(A) the earliest date of the proposed interruption of electrical service;
(B) the amount of rent the tenant must pay to avert the interruption; and
(C) the name and location of the individual to whom or the location of the on-site management office where the delinquent rent may be paid during the landlord's normal business hours;
(5) the interruption does not begin before or after the landlord's normal business hours; and
(6) the interruption does not begin on a day, or on a day immediately preceding a day, when the landlord or other designated individual is not available or the on-site management office is not open to accept rent and restore electrical service.
(e) A landlord who interrupts electrical service under Subsection (c) or (d) shall restore the service not later than two hours after the time the tenant tenders, during the landlord's normal business hours, payment of the delinquent electric bill or rent owed to the landlord.
(f) If a landlord or a landlord's agent violates this section, the tenant may:
(1) either recover possession of the premises or terminate the lease; and
(2) recover from the landlord an amount equal to the sum of the tenant's actual damages, one month's rent or $500, whichever is greater, reasonable attorney's fees, and court costs, less any
delinquent rents or other sums for which the tenant is liable to the landlord.
(g) A provision of a lease that purports to waive a right or to exempt a party from a liability or duty under this section is void.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.008

Removal of Property and Exclusion of Residential Tenant:
(a) A landlord may not remove a door, window, or attic hatchway cover or a lock, latch, hinge, hinge pin, doorknob, or other mechanism connected to a door, window, or attic hatchway
cover from premises leased to a tenant or remove furniture, fixtures, or appliances furnished by the landlord from premises leased to a tenant unless the landlord removes the item for a bona fide repair or replacement. If a landlord removes any of the items listed in this subsection for a bona fide repair or replacement, the repair or replacement must be promptly performed.
(b) A landlord may not intentionally prevent a tenant from entering the leased premises except by judicial process unless the exclusion results from:
(1) bona fide repairs, construction, or an emergency;
(2) removing the contents of premises abandoned by a tenant; or
(3) changing the door locks of a tenant who is delinquent in paying at least part of the rent.
(c) If a landlord or a landlord's agent changes the door lock of a tenant who is delinquent in paying rent, the landlord or the landlord's agent must place a written notice on the tenant's front door stating:
(1) an on-site location where the tenant may go 24 hours a day to obtain the new key or a telephone number that is answered 24 hours a day that the tenant may call to have a key delivered
within two hours after calling the number;
(2) the fact that the landlord must provide the new key to the tenant at any hour, regardless of whether or not the tenant pays any of the delinquent rent; and
(3) the amount of rent and other charges for which the tenant is delinquent.
(d) A landlord may not intentionally prevent a tenant from entering the leased premises under Subsection (b)(3) unless:
(1) the tenant is delinquent in paying all or part of the rent; and
(2) the landlord has locally mailed not later than the fifth calendar day before the date on which the door locks are changed or hand-delivered to the tenant or posted on the inside of the main entry door of the tenant's dwelling not later than the third calendar day before the date on which the door locks are changed a written notice stating:
(A) the earliest date that the landlord proposes to change the door locks;
(B) the amount of rent the tenant must pay to prevent changing of the door locks; and
(C) the name and street address of the individual to whom, or the location of the on-site management office at which, the delinquent rent may be paid during the landlord's normal business hours.
(e) A landlord may not change the locks on the door of a tenant's dwelling under Subsection (b)(3) on a day, or on a day immediately before a day, on which the landlord or other designated individual is not available, or on which any on-site management office is not open, for the tenant to tender the delinquent rent.
(f) A landlord who intentionally prevents a tenant from entering the tenant's dwelling under Subsection (b)(3) must provide the tenant with a key to the changed lock on the dwelling without regard to whether the tenant pays the delinquent rent.
(g) If a landlord arrives at the dwelling in a timely manner in response to a tenant's telephone call to the number contained in the notice as described by Subsection (c)(1) and the tenant is not present to receive the key to the changed lock, the landlord shall leave a notice on the front door of the dwelling stating the time the landlord arrived with the key and the street address to which the tenant may go to obtain the key during the landlord's normal office hours.
(h) If a landlord violates this section, the tenant may:
(1) either recover possession of the premises or terminate the lease; and
(2) recover from the landlord a civil penalty of one month's rent plus $500, actual damages, court costs, and reasonable attorney's fees in an action to recover property damages, actual expenses, or civil penalties , less any delinquent rent or other sums for which the tenant is liable to the landlord.
(i) If a landlord violates Subsection (f), the tenant may recover, in addition to the remedies provided by Subsection (h), an additional civil penalty of one month's rent.
(j) A provision of a lease that purports to waive a right or to exempt a party from a liability or duty under this section is void.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.0081

Residential Tenant's Right of Reentry After Unlawful Lockout:
(a) If a landlord has locked a tenant out of leased premises in violation of Section 92.008, the tenant may recover possession of the premises as provided by this section.
(b) The tenant must file with the justice court in the precinct in which the rental premises are located a sworn complaint for reentry, specifying the facts of the alleged unlawful lockout by the landlord or the landlord's agent. The tenant must also state orally under oath to the justice the facts of the alleged unlawful lockout.
(c) If the tenant has complied with Subsection (b) and if the justice reasonably believes an unlawful lockout has likely occurred, the justice may issue, ex parte, a writ of reentry that entitles the tenant to immediate and temporary possession of the premises, pending a final hearing on the tenant's sworn complaint for reentry.
(d) The writ of reentry must be served on either the landlord or the landlord's management company, on-premises manager, or rent collector in the same manner as a writ of possession in a
forcible detainer action. A sheriff or constable may use reasonable force in executing a writ of reentry under this section.
(e) The landlord is entitled to a hearing on the tenant's sworn complaint for reentry. The writ of reentry must notify the landlord of the right to a hearing. The hearing shall be held not earlier than the first day and not later than the seventh day after the date the landlord requests a hearing.
(f) If the landlord fails to request a hearing on the tenant's sworn complaint for reentry before the eighth day after the date of service of the writ of reentry on the landlord under Subsection (d), a judgment for court costs may be rendered against the landlord.
(g) A party may appeal from the court's judgment at the hearing on the sworn complaint for reentry in the same manner as a party may appeal a judgment in a forcible detainer suit.
(h) If a writ of possession is issued, it supersedes a writ of reentry.
(i) If the landlord or the person on whom a writ of reentry is served fails to immediately comply with the writ or later disobeys the writ, the failure is grounds for contempt of court against the landlord or the person on whom the writ was served, under Section 21.002, Government Code. If the writ is disobeyed, the tenant or the tenant's attorney may file in the court in which the reentry action is pending an affidavit stating the name of the person who has disobeyed the writ and
describing the acts or omissions constituting the disobedience. On receipt of an affidavit, the justice shall issue a show cause order, directing the person to appear on a designated date and show cause why he should not be adjudged in contempt of court. If the justice finds, after considering the evidence at the hearing, that the person has directly or indirectly disobeyed the writ, the justice may commit the person to jail without bail until the person purges himself of the contempt in a manner and form as the justice may direct. If the person disobeyed the writ before receiving the show cause order but has complied with the writ after receiving the order, the justice may find the person in contempt and assess punishment under Section 21.002(c), Government Code.
(j) This section does not affect a tenant's right to pursue a separate cause of action under Section 92.008.
(k) If a tenant in bad faith files a sworn complaint for reentry resulting in a writ of reentry being served on the landlord or landlord's agent, the landlord may in a separate cause of action recover from the tenant an amount equal to actual damages, one month's rent or $500, whichever is greater, reasonable attorney's fees, and costs of court, less any sums for which the landlord is liable to the tenant.
(l) The fee for filing a sworn complaint for reentry is the same as that for filing a civil action in justice court. The fee for service of a writ of reentry is the same as that for service of a writ of possession. The fee for service of a show cause order is the same as that for service of a civil citation. The justice may defer payment of the tenant's filing fees and service costs for the sworn complaint for reentry and writ of reentry. Court costs may be waived only if the tenant executes a pauper's affidavit.
(m) This section does not affect the rights of a landlord or tenant in a forcible detainer or forcible entry and detainer action.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.009

Occupancy Limits:
(a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), the maximum number of adults that a landlord may allow to occupy a dwelling is three times the number of bedrooms in the dwelling.
(b) A landlord may allow an occupancy rate of more than three adult tenants per bedroom:
(1) to the extent that the landlord is required by a state or federal fair housing law to allow a higher occupancy rate; or
(2) if an adult whose occupancy causes a violation of Subsection (a) is seeking temporary sanctuary from family violence, as defined by Section 71.01, Family Code, for a period that does not exceed one month.
(c) An individual who owns or leases a dwelling within 3,000 feet of a dwelling as to which a landlord has violated this section, or a governmental entity or civic association acting on behalf of the individual, may file suit against a landlord to enjoin the violation. A party who prevails in a suit
under this subsection may recover court costs and reasonable attorney's fees from the other party. In addition to court costs and reasonable attorney's fees, a plaintiff who prevails under this subsection may recover from the landlord $500 for each violation of this section.
(d) In this section:
(1) "Adult" means an individual 18 years of age or older.
(2) "Bedroom" means an area of a dwelling intended as sleeping quarters. The term does not include a kitchen, dining room, bathroom, living room, utility room, or closet or storage area of a dwelling.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.010

Cash Rental Payments:
(a) A landlord shall accept a tenant's timely cash rental payment unless a written lease between the landlord and tenant requires the tenant to make rental payments by check, money order, or other traceable or negotiable instrument.
(b) A landlord who receives a cash rental payment shall:
(1) provide the tenant with a written receipt; and
(2) enter the payment date and amount in a record book maintained by the landlord.
(c) A tenant or a governmental entity or civic association acting on the tenant's behalf may file suit against a landlord to enjoin a violation of this section. A party who prevails in a suit brought under this subsection may recover court costs and reasonable attorney's fees from the other party. In addition to court costs and reasonable attorney's fees, a tenant who prevails under this subsection may recover from the landlord the greater of one month's rent or $500 for each
violation of this section.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.011

Notice to Tenant at Primary Residence:
(a) If, at the time of signing a lease or lease renewal, a tenant gives written notice to the tenant's landlord that the tenant does not occupy the leased premises as a primary residence and requests in writing that the landlord send notices to the tenant at the tenant's primary residence and provides to the landlord the address of the tenant's primary residence, the landlord shall mail to the tenant's primary residence:
(1) all notices of lease violations;
(2) all notices of lease termination;
(3) all notices of rental increases at the end of the lease term; and
(4) all notices to vacate.
(b) The tenant shall notify the landlord in writing of any change in the tenant's primary residence address. Oral notices of change are insufficient.
(c) A notice to a tenant's primary residence under Subsection (a) may be sent by regular United States mail and shall be considered as having been given on the date of postmark of the
notice.
(d) If there is more than one tenant on a lease, the landlord is not required under this section to send notices to the primary residence of more than one tenant.
(e) This section does not apply if notice is actually hand delivered to and received by a person occupying the leased premises.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.012

Notice of Rule or Policy Change Affecting Tenant's Personal Property:
Text of section as added by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 942, § 1
(a) A landlord shall give prior written notice to a tenant regarding a landlord rule or policy change that is not included in the lease agreement and that will affect any personal property owned by the tenant that is located outside the tenant's dwelling, including any change in vehicle towing
rules or policies.
(b) The notice must be given in person or by mail to the affected tenant. Notice in person may be by personal delivery to the tenant or any person residing at the tenant's dwelling who is 16 years of age or older or by personal delivery to the tenant's dwelling and affixing the notice to the inside of the main entry door. Notice by mail may be by regular mail, by registered mail, or by certified mail, return receipt requested. If the dwelling has no mailbox and has a keyless bolting device, alarm system, or dangerous animal that prevents the landlord from entering the premises to leave the notice on the inside of the main entry door, the landlord may securely affix the notice on the outside of the main entry door.
(c) A landlord who fails to give notice as required by this section is liable to the tenant for any expense incurred by the tenant as a result of the landlord's failure to give the notice.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.013

Personal Property and Security Deposit of Deceased Tenant:
Text of section as added by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 1439, § 1
(a) Upon written request of a landlord, the landlord's tenant shall:
(1) provide the landlord with the name, address, and telephone number of a person to contact in the event of the tenant's death; and
(2) sign a statement authorizing the landlord in the event of the tenant's death to:
(A) grant to the person designated under Subdivision (1) access to the premises at a reasonable time and in the presence of the landlord or the landlord's agent;
(B) allow the person designated under Subdivision (1) to remove any of the tenant's property found at the leased premises; and
(C) refund the tenant's security deposit, less lawful  deductions, to the person designated under Subdivision (1).
(b) A tenant may, without request from the landlord, provide the landlord with the information in Subsection (a).
(c) Except as provided in Subsection (d), in the event of the death of a tenant who is the sole occupant of a rental dwelling:
(1) the landlord may remove and store all property found in the tenant's leased premises;
(2) the landlord shall turn over possession of the property to the person who was designated by the tenant under Subsection (a) or (b) or to any other person lawfully entitled to the property if the request is made prior to the property being discarded under Subdivision (5);
(3) the landlord shall refund the tenant's security deposit, less lawful deductions, including the cost of removing and storing the property, to the person designated under Subsection (a) or (b) or to any other person lawfully entitled to the refund;
(4) the landlord may require any person who removes the property from the tenant's leased premises to sign an inventory of the property being removed; and
(5) the landlord may discard the property removed by the landlord from the tenant's leased premises if:
(A) the landlord has mailed a written request by certified mail, return receipt requested, to the person designated under Subsection (a) or (b), requesting that the property be removed;
(B) the person failed to remove the property by the 30th day after the postmark date of the notice; and
(C) the landlord, prior to the date of discarding the property, has not been contacted by anyone claiming the property.
(d) In a written lease or other agreement, a landlord and a tenant may agree to a procedure different than the procedure in this section for removing, storing, or disposing of property in the leased premises of a deceased tenant.
(e) If a tenant, after being furnished with a copy of this subchapter, knowingly violates Subsection (a), the landlord shall have no responsibility after the tenant's death for removal,storage, disappearance, damage, or disposition of property in the tenant's leased premises.
(f) If a landlord, after being furnished with a copy of this subchapter, knowingly violates Subsection (c), the landlord shall be liable to the estate of the deceased tenant for actual damages.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.013

For text of section as added by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 942, § 1, see § 92.013, ante.

SUBCHAPTER B. REPAIR OR CLOSING OF LEASEHOLD

Application:
This subchapter applies to a lease executed, entered into, renewed, or extended on or after September 1, 1979.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.051

Landlord's Duty to Repair or Remedy:
(a) A landlord shall make a diligent effort to repair or remedy a condition if:
(1) the tenant specifies the condition in a notice to the person to whom or to the place where rent is normally paid;
(2) the tenant is not delinquent in the payment of rent at the time notice is given; and
(3) the condition materially affects the physical health or safety of an ordinary tenant.
(b) Unless the condition was caused by normal wear and tear, the landlord does not have a duty during the lease term or a renewal or extension to repair or remedy a condition caused by:
(1) the tenant;
(2) a lawful occupant in the tenant's dwelling;
(3) a member of the tenant's family; or
(4) a guest or invitee of the tenant.
(c) This subchapter does not require the landlord:
(1) to furnish utilities from a utility company if as a practical matter the utility lines of the company are not reasonably available; or
(2) to furnish security guards.
(d) The tenant's notice under Subsection (a) must be in writing only if the tenant's lease is in writing and requires written notice.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.052

Burden of Proof:
(a) Except as provided by this section, the tenant has the burden of proof in a judicial action to enforce a right resulting from the landlord's failure to repair or remedy a condition under Section 92.052.
(b) If the landlord does not provide a written explanation for delay in performing a duty to repair or remedy on or before the fifth day after receiving from the tenant a written demand for an explanation, the landlord has the burden of proving that he made a diligent effort to repair and that a reasonable time for repair did not elapse.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.053

Casualty Loss:
(a) If a condition results from an insured casualty loss, such as fire, smoke, hail, explosion, or a similar cause, the period for repair does not begin until the landlord receives the insurance proceeds.
(b) If after a casualty loss the rental premises are as a practical matter totally unusable for residential purposes and if the casualty loss is not caused by the negligence or fault of the tenant, a member of the tenant's family, or a guest or invitee of the tenant, either the landlord or the tenant
may terminate the lease by giving written notice to the other any time before repairs are completed. If the lease is terminated, the tenant is entitled only to a pro rata refund of rent from the date the tenant moves out and to a refund of any security deposit otherwise required by law.
(c) If after a casualty loss the rental premises are partially unusable for residential purposes and if the casualty loss is not caused by the negligence or fault of the tenant, a member of the tenant's family, or a guest or invitee of the tenant, the tenant is entitled to reduction in the rent in an amount
proportionate to the extent the premises are unusable because of the casualty, but only on judgment of a county or district court. A landlord and tenant may agree otherwise in a written
lease.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.054

Closing the Rental Premises:
(a) A landlord may close a rental unit at any time by giving written notice by certified mail, return receipt requested, to the tenant and to the local health officer and local building inspector, if any, stating that:
(1) the landlord is terminating the tenancy as soon as legally possible; and
(2) after the tenant moves out the landlord will either immediately demolish the rental unit or no longer use the unit for residential purposes.
(b) After a tenant receives the notice and moves out:
(1) the local health officer or building inspector may not allow occupancy of or utility service by separate meter to the rental unit until the officer certifies that he knows of no condition that materially affects the physical health or safety of an ordinary tenant; and
(2) the landlord may not allow reoccupancy or reconnection of utilities by separate meter within six months after the date the tenant moves out.
(c) If the landlord gives the tenant the notice closing the rental unit:
(1) before the tenant gives a repair notice to the landlord, the remedies of this subchapter do not apply;
(2) after the tenant gives a repair notice to the landlord but before the landlord has had a reasonable time to make repairs, the tenant is entitled only to the remedies under Subsection (d) of this section and Subdivisions (3), (4), and (5) of Subsection (a) of Section 92.0563; or
(3) after the tenant gives a repair notice to the landlord and after the landlord has had a reasonable time to make repairs, the tenant is entitled only to the remedies under Subsection (d) of this section and Subdivisions (3), (4), and (5) of Subsection (a) of Section 92.0563.
(d) If the landlord closes the rental unit after the tenant gives the landlord a notice to repair and the tenant moves out on or before the end of the rental term, the landlord must pay the tenant's actual and reasonable moving expenses, refund a pro rata portion of the tenant's rent from the date the tenant moves out, and, if otherwise required by law, return the tenant's security deposit.
(e) A landlord who violates Subsection (b) or (d) is liable to the tenant for an amount equal to the total of one month's rent plus $100 and attorney's fees.
(f) The closing of a rental unit does not prohibit the occupancy of other apartments, nor does this subchapter prohibit occupancy of or utility service by master or individual meter to other rental units in an apartment complex that have not been closed under this section. If another provision of this subchapter conflicts with this section, this section controls.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.055

Landlord Liability and Tenant Remedies; Notice and Time for Repair:
(a) A landlord's liability under this section is subject to Section 92.052(b) regarding conditions that are caused by a tenant and Section 92.054 regarding conditions that are insured casualties.
(b) A landlord is liable to a tenant as provided by this subchapter if:
(1) the tenant has given the landlord notice to repair or remedy a condition by giving that notice to the person to whom or to the place where the tenant's rent is normally paid;
(2) the condition materially affects the physical health or safety of an ordinary tenant;
(3) the tenant has given the landlord a subsequent written notice to repair or remedy the condition after a reasonable time to repair or remedy the condition following the notice given under Subdivision (1) or the tenant has given the notice under Subdivision (1) by sending that notice by certified mail, return receipt requested, or by registered mail;
(4) the landlord has had a reasonable time to repair or remedy the condition after the landlord received the tenant's notice under Subdivision (1) and, if applicable, the tenant's subsequent notice under Subdivision (3);
(5) the landlord has not made a diligent effort to repair or remedy the condition after the landlord received the tenant's notice under Subdivision (1) and, if applicable, the tenant's notice under Subdivision (3); and
(6) the tenant was not delinquent in the payment of rent at the time any notice required by this subsection was given.
(c) For purposes of Subsection (b)(4) or (5), a landlord is considered to have received the tenant's notice when the landlord or the landlord's agent or employee has actually received the notice or when the United States Postal Service has attempted to deliver the notice to the landlord.
(d) For purposes of Subsection (b)(3) or (4), in determining whether a period of time is a reasonable time to repair or remedy a condition, there is a rebuttable presumption that seven days is a reasonable time. To rebut that presumption, the date on which the landlord received the tenant's notice, the severity and nature of the condition, and the reasonable availability of materials and labor and of utilities from a utility company must be considered.
(e) Except as provided in Subsection (f), a tenant to whom a landlord is liable under Subsection
(b) of this section may:
(1) terminate the lease;
(2) have the condition repaired or remedied according to Section 92.0561;
(3) deduct from the tenant's rent, without necessity of judicial action, the cost of the repair or remedy according to Section 92.0561; and
(4) obtain judicial remedies according to Section 92.0563.
(f) A tenant who elects to terminate the lease under Subsection (e) is:
(1) entitled to a pro rata refund of rent from the date of termination or the date the tenant moves out, whichever is later;
(2) entitled to deduct the tenant's security deposit from the tenant's rent without necessity of lawsuit or obtain a refund of the tenant's security deposit according to law; and
(3) not entitled to the other repair and deduct remedies under Section 92.0561 or the judicial remedies under Subdivisions (1) and (2) of Subsection (a) of Section 92.0563.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.056

Tenant's Repair and Deduct Remedies:
(a) If the landlord is liable to the tenant under Section 92.056(b), the tenant may have the condition repaired or remedied and may deduct the cost from a subsequent rent payment as provided in this section.
(b) The tenant's deduction for the cost of the repair or remedy may not exceed the amount of one month's rent under the lease or $500, whichever is greater. However, if the tenant's rent is
subsidized in whole or in part by a governmental agency, the deduction limitation of one month's rent shall mean the fair market rent for the dwelling and not the rent that the tenant pays. The fair market rent shall be determined by the governmental agency subsidizing the rent, or in the absence
of such a determination, it shall be a reasonable amount of rent under the circumstances.
(c) Repairs and deductions under this section may be made as often as necessary so long as the total repairs and deductions in any one month do not exceed one month's rent or $500,
whichever is greater.
(d) Repairs under this section may be made only if all of the following requirements are met:
(1) The landlord has a duty to repair or remedy the condition under Section 92.052, and the duty has not been waived in a written lease by the tenant under Subsection (e) or (f) of Section 92.006.
(2) The tenant has given notice to the landlord as required by Section 92.056(b)(1), and, if required, a subsequent notice under Section 92.056(b)(3), and at least one of those notices states that the tenant intends to repair or remedy the condition. The notice shall also contain a reasonable description of the intended repair or remedy.
(3) Any one of the following events has occurred:
(A) The landlord has failed to remedy the backup or overflow of raw sewage inside the tenant's dwelling or the flooding from broken pipes or natural drainage inside the dwelling.
(B) The landlord has expressly or impliedly agreed in the lease to furnish potable water to the tenant's dwelling and the water service to the dwelling has totally ceased.
(C) The landlord has expressly or impliedly agreed in the lease to furnish heating or cooling equipment; the equipment is producing inadequate heat or cooled air; and the landlord has been notified in writing by the appropriate local housing, building, or health official or other official having jurisdiction that the lack of heat or cooling materially affects the health or safety of an ordinary tenant.
(D) The landlord has been notified in writing by the appropriate local housing, building, or health official or other official having jurisdiction that the condition materially affects the health or safety of an ordinary tenant.
(e) If the requirements of Subsection (d) of this section are met, a tenant may:
(1) have the condition repaired or remedied immediately following the tenant's notice of intent to repair if the condition involves sewage or flooding as referred to in Paragraph (A) of Subdivision (3) of Subsection (d) of this section;
(2) have the condition repaired or remedied if the condition involves a cessation of potable water as referred to in Paragraph (A) of Subdivision (3) of Subsection (d) of this section and if the landlord has failed to repair or remedy the condition within three days following the tenant's delivery of notice of intent to repair;
(3) have the condition repaired or remedied if the condition involves inadequate heat or cooled air as referred to in Paragraph (C) of Subdivision (3) of Subsection (d) of this section and if the landlord has failed to repair the condition within three days after delivery of the tenant's notice of
intent to repair; or
(4) have the condition repaired or remedied if the condition is not covered by Paragraph (A), (B), or (C) of Subdivision (3) of Subsection (d) of this section and involves a condition affecting the physical health or safety of the ordinary tenant as referred to in Paragraph (D) of Subdivision (3) of Subsection (d) of this section and if the landlord has failed to repair or remedy the condition within seven days after delivery of the tenant's notice of intent to repair.
(f) Repairs made pursuant to the tenant's notice must be made by a company, contractor, or repairman listed in the yellow or business pages of the telephone directory or in the classified
advertising section of a newspaper of the local city, county, or adjacent county at the time of the tenant's notice of intent to repair. Unless the landlord and tenant agree otherwise under Subsection (g) of this section, repairs may not be made by the tenant, the tenant's immediate family, the tenant's employer or employees, or a company in which the tenant has an ownership interest.  Repairs may not be made to the foundation or load-bearing structural elements of the building if it contains two or more dwelling units.
(g) A landlord and a tenant may mutually agree for the tenant to repair or remedy, at the landlord's expense, any condition of the dwelling regardless of whether it materially affects the
health or safety of an ordinary tenant. However, the landlord's duty to repair or remedy conditions covered by this subchapter may not be waived except as provided by Subsection (e) or (f) of Section 92.006.
(h) Repairs made pursuant to the tenant's notice must be made in compliance with applicable building codes, including a building permit when required.
(i) The tenant shall not have authority to contract for labor or materials in excess of what the tenant may deduct under this section. The landlord is not liable to repairmen, contractors, or material suppliers who furnish labor or materials to repair or remedy the condition. A repairman or supplier shall not have a lien for materials or services arising out of repairs contracted for by the tenant under this section.
(j) When deducting the cost of repairs from the rent payment, the tenant shall furnish the landlord, along with payment of the balance of the rent, a copy of the repair bill and the receipt for its payment. A repair bill and receipt may be the same document.
(k) If the landlord repairs or remedies the condition or delivers an affidavit for delay under Section 92.0562 to the tenant after the tenant has contacted a repairman but before the repairman commences work, the landlord shall be liable for the cost incurred by the tenant for the repairman's trip charge, and the tenant may deduct the charge from the tenant's rent as if it were a repair cost.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.0561

Landlord Affidavit for Delay:
(a) The tenant must delay contracting for repairs under Section 92.0561 if, before the tenant contracts for the repairs, the landlord delivers to the tenant an affidavit, signed and sworn to under oath by the landlord or his authorized agent and complying with this section.
(b) The affidavit must summarize the reasons for the delay and the diligent efforts made by the landlord up to the date of the affidavit to get the repairs done. The affidavit must state facts showing that the landlord has made and is making diligent efforts to repair the condition, and it must contain dates, names, addresses, and telephone numbers of contractors, suppliers, and repairmen contacted by the owner.
(c) Affidavits under this section may delay repair by the tenant for:
(1) 15 days if the landlord's failure to repair is caused by a delay in obtaining necessary parts for which the landlord is not at fault; or
(2) 30 days if the landlord's failure to repair is caused by a general shortage of labor or materials for repair following a natural disaster such as a hurricane, tornado, flood, extended
freeze, or widespread windstorm.
(d) Affidavits for delay based on grounds other than those listed in Subsection (c) of this section are unlawful, and if used, they are of no effect. The landlord may file subsequent affidavits, provided that the total delay of the repair or remedy extends no longer than six months from the date the landlord delivers the first affidavit to the tenant.
(e) The affidavit must be delivered to the tenant by any of the following methods:
(1) personal delivery to the tenant;
(2) certified mail, return receipt requested, to the tenant; or
(3) leaving the notice inside the dwelling in a conspicuous place if notice in that manner is authorized in a written lease.
(f) Affidavits for delay by a landlord under this section must be submitted in good faith. Following delivery of the affidavit, the landlord must continue diligent efforts to repair or remedy the condition. There shall be a rebuttable presumption that the landlord acted in good faith and with continued diligence for the first affidavit for delay the landlord delivers to the tenant. The landlord shall have the burden of pleading and proving good faith and continued diligence for subsequent affidavits for delay. A landlord who violates this section shall be liable to the tenant for all judicial remedies under Section 92.0563 except that the civil penalty under Subdivision (3) of Subsection (a) of Section 92.0563 shall be one month's rent plus $1,000.
(g) If the landlord is liable to the tenant under Section 92.056 and if a new landlord, in good faith and without knowledge of the tenant's notice of intent to repair, has acquired title to the tenant's dwelling by foreclosure, deed in lieu of foreclosure, or general warranty deed in a bona
fide purchase, then the following shall apply:
(1) The tenant's right to terminate the lease under this subchapter shall not be affected, and the tenant shall have no duty to give additional notice to the new landlord.
(2) The tenant's right to repair and deduct for conditions involving sewage backup or overflow, flooding inside the dwelling, or a cutoff of potable water under Subsection (e) of Section 92.0561 shall not be affected, and the tenant shall have no duty to give additional notice to the new landlord.
(3) For conditions other than those specified in Subdivision (2) of this subsection, if the new landlord acquires title as described in this subsection and has notified the tenant of the name and address of the new landlord or the new landlord's authorized agent and if the tenant has not already contracted for the repair or remedy at the time the tenant is so notified, the tenant must deliver to the new landlord a written notice of intent to repair or remedy the condition, and the new landlord shall have a reasonable time to complete the repair before the tenant may repair or remedy the condition. No further notice from the tenant is necessary in order for the tenant to repair or remedy the condition after a reasonable time has elapsed.
(4) The tenant's judicial remedies under Section 92.0563 shall be limited to recovery against the landlord to whom the tenant gave the required notices until the tenant has given the new
landlord the notices required by this section and otherwise complied with Section 92.056 as to the new landlord.
(5) If the new landlord violates this subsection, the new landlord is liable to the tenant for a civil penalty of one month's rent plus $2,000, actual damages, and attorney's fees.
(6) No provision of this section shall affect any right of a foreclosing superior lienholder to terminate, according to law, any interest in the premises held by the holders of subordinate liens, encumbrances, leases, or other interests and shall not affect any right of the tenant to terminate the lease according to law.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.0562

Tenant's Judicial Remedies:
(a) A tenant's judicial remedies under Section 92.056 shall include:
(1) an order directing the landlord to take reasonable action to repair or remedy the condition;
(2) an order reducing the tenant's rent, from the date of the first repair notice, in proportion to the reduced rental value resulting from the condition until the condition is repaired or remedied;
(3) a judgment against the landlord for a civil penalty of one month's rent plus $500;
(4) a judgment against the landlord for the amount of the tenant's actual damages; and
(5) court costs and attorney's fees, excluding any attorney's fees for a cause of action for damages relating to a personal injury.
(b) A landlord who knowingly violates Section 92.006 by contracting orally or in writing with a tenant to waive the landlord's duty to repair under this subchapter shall be liable to the tenant for actual damages, a civil penalty of one  month's rent plus $2,000, and reasonable attorney's fees.
For purposes of this subsection, there shall be a rebuttable presumption that the landlord acted without knowledge of the violation. The tenant shall have the burden of pleading and proving a knowing violation. If the lease is in writing and is not in violation of Section 92.006, the tenant's proof of a knowing violation must be clear and convincing. A mutual agreement for tenant repair under Subsection (g) of Section 92.0561 is not a violation of Section 92.006.
(c) The justice, county, and district courts have concurrent jurisdiction of an action under Subsection (a) of this section except that the justice court may not order repairs under Subdivision (1) of Subsection (a) of this section.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.0563

Landlord Remedy for Tenant Violation:
(a) If the tenant withholds rents, causes repairs to be performed, or makes rent deductions for repairs in violation of this subchapter, the landlord may recover actual damages from the tenant. If, after a landlord has notified a tenant in writing of (1) the illegality of the tenant's rent withholding or the tenant's proposed repair and (2) the penalties of this subchapter, the tenant withholds rent, causes repairs to be performed, or makes rent deductions for repairs in bad faith violation of this subchapter, the landlord may recover from the tenant a civil penalty of one month's rent plus $500.
(b) Notice under this section must be in writing and may be given in person, by mail, or by delivery to the premises.
(c) The landlord has the burden of pleading and proving, by clear and convincing evidence, that the landlord gave the tenant the required notice of the illegality and the penalties and that the tenant's violation was done in bad faith. In any litigation under this subsection, the prevailing party shall recover reasonable attorney's fees from the nonprevailing party.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.058

Agents for Delivery of Notice:
A managing agent, leasing agent, or resident manager is the agent of the landlord for purposes of notice and other communications required or permitted by this subchapter.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.060.

Effect on Other Rights:
The duties of a landlord and the remedies of a tenant under  this subchapter are in lieu of existing common law and other statutory law warranties and duties of landlords for maintenance, repair, security, habitability, and nonretaliation, and remedies of tenants for a violation of those warranties and duties. Otherwise, this subchapter does not affect any other right of a landlord or tenant under contract, statutory law, or common law that is consistent with the purposes of this subchapter or any right a landlord or tenant may have to bring an action for personal injury or
property damage under the law of this state. This subchapter does not impose obligations on a landlord or tenant other than those expressly stated in this subchapter.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.061

SUBCHAPTER C. SECURITY DEPOSITS

Application:
This subchapter applies to all residential leases.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.101

Security Deposit:
A security deposit is any advance of money, other than a rental application deposit or an advance payment of rent, that is intended primarily to secure performance under a lease of a
dwelling that has been entered into by a landlord and a tenant.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.102

Obligation to Refund:
(a) Except as provided by Section 92.107, the landlord shall refund a security deposit to the tenant on or before the 30th day after the date the tenant surrenders the premises.
(b) A requirement that a tenant give advance notice of  surrender as a condition for refunding the security deposit is effective only if the requirement is underlined or is printed in conspicuous bold print in the lease.
(c) The tenant's claim to the security deposit takes priority over the claim of any creditor of the landlord, including a trustee in bankruptcy.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.103

Conditions for Retention of Security Deposit or Rent Prepayment:
(a) Except as provided in Subsection (b), a landlord who receives a security deposit or rent prepayment for a dwelling from a tenant who fails to occupy the dwelling according to a lease between the landlord and the tenant may not retain the security deposit or rent prepayment if:
(1) the tenant secures a replacement tenant satisfactory to the landlord and the replacement tenant occupies the dwelling on or before the commencement date of the lease; or
(2) the landlord secures a replacement tenant satisfactory to the landlord and the replacement tenant occupies the dwelling on or before the commencement date of the lease.
(b) If the landlord secures the replacement tenant, the landlord may retain and deduct from the security deposit or rent prepayment either:
(1) a sum agreed to in the lease as a lease cancellation fee; or
(2) actual expenses incurred by the landlord in securing the replacement, including a reasonable amount for the time of the landlord in securing the replacement tenant.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.1031

Retention of Security Deposit; Accounting:
(a) Before returning a security deposit, the landlord may deduct from the deposit damages and charges for which the tenant is legally liable under the lease or as a result of breaching the lease.
(b) The landlord may not retain any portion of a security deposit to cover normal wear and tear.
(c) If the landlord retains all or part of a security deposit under this section, the landlord shall give to the tenant the balance of the security deposit, if any, together with a written description and itemized list of all deductions. The landlord is not required to give the tenant a description and
itemized list of deductions if:
(1) the tenant owes rent when he surrenders possession of the premises; and
(2) there is no controversy concerning the amount of rent owed.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.104

Presumption of Refund or Accounting:
A landlord is presumed to have refunded a security deposit or made an accounting of security deposit deductions if, on or before the date required under this subchapter, the refund or
accounting is placed in the United States mail and postmarked on or before the required date.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.1041

Cessation of Owner's Interest:
(a) If the owner's interest in the premises is terminated by sale, assignment, death, appointment of a receiver, bankruptcy, or otherwise, the new owner is liable for the return of security deposits according to this subchapter from the date title to the premises is acquired, regardless of whether
notice is given to the tenant under Subsection (b) of this section.
(b) The person who no longer owns an interest in the rental premises remains liable for a security deposit received while the person was the owner until the new owner delivers to the
tenant a signed statement acknowledging that the new owner has received and is responsible for the tenant's security deposit and specifying the exact dollar amount of the deposit.
(c) Subsection (a) does not apply to a real estate mortgage lienholder who acquires title by foreclosure.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.105

Records:
The landlord shall keep accurate records of all security deposits.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.106

Tenant's Forwarding Address:
(a) The landlord is not obligated to return a tenant's security deposit or give the tenant a written description of damages and charges until the tenant gives the landlord a written statement of the tenant's forwarding address for the purpose of refunding the security deposit.
(b) The tenant does not forfeit the right to a refund of the security deposit or the right to receive a description of damages and charges merely for failing to give a forwarding address to the landlord.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.107

Liability for Withholding Last Month's Rent:
(a) The tenant may not withhold payment of any portion of the last month's rent on grounds that the security deposit is security for unpaid rent.
(b) A tenant who violates this section is presumed to have acted in bad faith. A tenant who in bad faith violates this section is liable to the landlord for an amount equal to three times the rent wrongfully withheld and the landlord's reasonable attorney's fees in a suit to recover the rent.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.108

Liability of Landlord:
(a) A landlord who in bad faith retains a security deposit in violation of this subchapter is liable for an amount equal to the sum of $100, three times the portion of the deposit wrongfully withheld, and the tenant's reasonable attorney's fees in a suit to recover the deposit.
(b) A landlord who in bad faith does not provide a written description and itemized list of damages and charges in violation of this subchapter:
(1) forfeits the right to withhold any portion of the security deposit or to bring suit against the tenant for damages to the premises; and
(2) is liable for the tenant's reasonable attorney's fees in a suit to recover the deposit.
(c) In an action brought by a tenant under this subchapter, the landlord has the burden of proving that the retention of any portion of the security deposit was reasonable.
(d) A landlord who fails either to return a security deposit or to provide a written description and itemization of deductions on or before the 30th day after the date the tenant surrenders
possession is presumed to have acted in bad faith.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.109

SUBCHAPTER D. SECURITY DEVICES

Definitions:
In this subchapter:
(1) "Doorknob lock" means a lock in a doorknob, with the lock operated from the exterior by a key, card, or combination and from the interior without a key, card, or combination.
(2) "Door viewer" means a permanently installed device in an exterior door that allows a person inside the dwelling to view a person outside the door. The device must be:
(A) a clear glass pane or one-way mirror; or
(B) a peephole having a barrel with a one-way lens of glass or other substance providing an angle view of not less than 160 degrees.
(3) "Exterior door" means a door providing access from a dwelling interior to the exterior. The term includes a door between a living area and a garage but does not include a sliding glass door or a screen door.
(4) "French doors" means a set of two exterior doors in which each door is hinged and abuts the other door when closed. The term includes double-hinged patio doors.
(5) "Keyed dead bolt" means:
(A) a door lock not in the doorknob that:
(i) locks with a bolt into the doorjamb; and
(ii) is operated from the exterior by a key, card, or combination and from the interior by a knob or lever without a key, card, or combination; or
(B) a doorknob lock that contains a bolt with at least a one-inch throw.
(6) "Keyless bolting device" means a door lock not in the doorknob that locks:
(A) with a bolt into a strike plate screwed into the portion of the doorjamb surface that faces the edge of the door when the door is closed or into a metal doorjamb that serves as the strike plate, operable only by knob or lever from the door's interior and not in any manner from the door's exterior, and that is commonly known as a keyless dead bolt;
(B) by a drop bolt system operated by placing a central metal plate over a metal doorjamb restraint that protrudes from the doorjamb and that is affixed to the doorjamb frame by means of
three case-hardened screws at least three inches in length. One-half of the central plate must overlap the interior surface of the door and the other half of the central plate must overlap the doorjamb when the plate is placed over the doorjamb restraint. The drop bolt system must prevent the door from being opened unless the central plate is lifted off of the doorjamb restraint by a person who is on the interior side of the door.

The term "keyless bolting device" does not include a chain latch, flip latch, surface-mounted slide bolt, mortise door bolt, surface-mounted barrel bolt, surface-mounted swing bar door guard, spring-loaded nightlatch, foot bolt, or other lock or latch; or

(C) by a metal bar or metal tube that is placed across the entire interior side of the door and secured in place at each end of the bar or tube by heavy-duty metal screw hooks. The screw hooks must be at least three inches in length and must be screwed into the door frame stud or wall stud on each side of the door. The bar or tube must be capable of being secured to both of the screw hooks and must be permanently attached in some way to the door frame stud or wall stud. When secured to the screw hooks, the bar or tube must prevent the door from being opened unless the bar or tube is removed by a person who is on the interior side of the door.
(7) "Landlord" means a dwelling owner, lessor, sublessor, management company, or managing agent, including an on-site manager.
(8) "Multiunit complex" means two or more dwellings in one or more buildings that are:
(A) under common ownership;
(B) managed by the same owner, agent, or management company; and
(C) located on the same lot or tract or adjacent lots or tracts of land.
(9) "Possession of a dwelling" means occupancy by a tenant under a lease, including occupancy until the time the tenant moves out or a writ of possession is issued by a court. The
term does not include occupancy before the initial occupancy date authorized under a lease.
(10) "Rekey" means to change or alter a security device that is operated by a key, card, or combination so that a different key, card, or combination is necessary to operate the security
device.
(11) "Security device" means a doorknob lock, door viewer, keyed dead bolt, keyless bolting device, sliding door handle latch, sliding door pin lock, sliding door security bar, or window latch in a dwelling.
(12) "Sliding door handle latch" means a latch or lock:
(A) located near the handle on a sliding glass door;
(B) operated with or without a key; and
(C) designed to prevent the door from being opened.
(13) "Sliding door pin lock" means a lock on a sliding glass door that consists of a pin or nail inserted from the interior side of the door at the side opposite the door's handle and that is designed to prevent the door from being opened or lifted.
(14) "Sliding door security bar" means a bar or rod that can be placed at the bottom of or across the interior side of the fixed panel of a sliding glass door and that is designed to prevent the door from being opened.
(15) "Tenant turnover date" means the date a tenant moves into a dwelling under a lease after all previous occupants have moved out. The term does not include dates of entry or occupation not authorized by the landlord.
(16) "Window latch" means a device on a window that prevents the window from being opened and that is operated without a key and only from the interior.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.151

Application of Subchapter:
(a) This subchapter does not apply to:
(1) a room in a hotel, motel, or inn or to similar transient housing;
(2) residential housing owned or operated by a public or private college or university accredited by a recognized accrediting agency as defined under Section 61.003, Education Code;
(3) residential housing operated by preparatory schools accredited by the Texas Education Agency, a regional accrediting agency, or any accrediting agency recognized by the commissioner of education; or
(4) a temporary residential tenancy created by a contract for sale in which the buyer occupies the property before closing or the seller occupies the property after closing for a specific term not to exceed 90 days.
(b) Except as provided by Subsection (a), a dwelling to which this subchapter applies includes:
(1) a room in a dormitory or rooming house;
(2) a mobile home;
(3) a single family house, duplex, or triplex; and
(4) a living unit in an apartment, condominium, cooperative, or townhome project.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.152

Security Devices Required Without Necessity of Tenant Request:
(a) Except as provided by Subsections (b), (e), (f), (g), and (h) and without necessity of request by the tenant, a dwelling must be equipped with:
(1) a window latch on each exterior window of the dwelling;
(2) a doorknob lock or keyed dead bolt on each exterior door;
(3) a sliding door pin lock on each exterior sliding glass door of the dwelling;
(4) a sliding door handle latch or a sliding door security bar on each exterior sliding glass door of the dwelling; and
(5) a keyless bolting device and a door viewer on each exterior door of the dwelling.
(b) If the dwelling has French doors, one door of each pair of French doors must meet the requirements of Subsection (a) and the other door must have:
(1) a keyed dead bolt or keyless bolting device capable of insertion into the doorjamb above the door and a keyless bolting device capable of insertion into the floor or threshold, each with a bolt having a throw of one inch or more; or
(2) a bolt installed inside the door and operated from the edge of the door, capable of insertion into the doorjamb above the door, and another bolt installed inside the door and operated from the edge of the door capable of insertion into the floor or threshold, each bolt having a throw of three-fourths inch or more.
(c) A security device required by Subsection (a) or (b) must be installed at the landlord's expense.
(d) Subsections (a) and (b) apply only when a tenant is in possession of a dwelling.
(e) A keyless bolting device is not required to be installed at the landlord's expense on an exterior door if:
(1) the dwelling is part of a multiunit complex in which the majority of dwelling units are leased to tenants who are over 55 years of age or who have a physical or mental disability;
(2) a tenant or occupant in the dwelling is over 55 years of age or has a physical or mental disability; and
(3) the landlord is expressly required or permitted to periodically check on the well-being or health of the tenant as a part of a written lease or other written agreement.
(f) A keyless bolting device is not required to be installed at the landlord's expense if a tenant or occupant in the dwelling is over 55 years of age or has a physical or mental disability, the tenant requests, in writing, that the landlord deactivate or not install the keyless bolting device, and the tenant certifies in the request that the tenant or occupant is over 55 years of age or has a physical or mental disability. The request must be a separate document and may not be included as part of a lease agreement. A landlord is not exempt as provided by this subsection if the landlord knows or has reason to know that the requirements of this subsection are not fulfilled.
(g) A keyed dead bolt or a doorknob lock is not required to be installed at the landlord's expense on an exterior door if at the time the tenant agrees to lease the dwelling:
(1) at least one exterior door usable for normal entry into the dwelling has both a keyed dead bolt and a keyless bolting device, installed in accordance with the height, strike plate, and throw requirements of Section 92.154; and
(2) all other exterior doors have a keyless bolting device installed in accordance with the height, strike plate, and throw requirements of Section 92.154.
(h) A security device required by this section must be operable throughout the time a tenant is in possession of a dwelling. However, a landlord may deactivate or remove the locking mechanism of a doorknob lock or remove any device not qualifying as a keyless bolting device if a keyed dead bolt has been installed on the same door.
(i) A landlord is subject to the tenant remedies provided by Section 92.164(a)(4) if the landlord:
(1) deactivates or does not install a keyless bolting device, claiming an exemption under Subsection (e), (f), or (g); and
(2) knows or has reason to know that the requirements of the subsection granting the exemption are not fulfilled.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.153
 

Height, Strike Plate, and Throw Requirements—Keyed Dead Bolt or Keyless Bolting Device:
(a) A keyed dead bolt or a keyless bolting device required by this subchapter must be installed at a height:
(1) not lower than 36 inches from the floor; and
(2) not higher than:
(A) 54 inches from the floor, if installed before September 1, 1993; or
(B) 48 inches from the floor, if installed on or after September 1, 1993.
(b) A keyed dead bolt or a keyless bolting device described in Section 92.151(6)(A) or (B) in a dwelling must:
(1) have a strike plate screwed into the portion of the doorjamb surface that faces the edge of the door when the door is closed; or
(2) be installed in a door with a metal doorjamb that serves as the strike plate.
(c) A keyed dead bolt or keyless dead bolt, as described by Section 92.151(6)(A), installed in a dwelling on or after September 1, 1993, must have a bolt with a throw of not less than one inch.
(d) The requirements of this section do not apply to a keyed dead bolt or a keyless bolting device in one door of a pair of French doors that is installed in accordance with the requirements of Section 92.153(b)(1) or (2).  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.154

Height Requirements—Sliding Door Security Devices:
A sliding door pin lock or sliding door security bar required by this subchapter must be installed at a height not higher than:
(1) 54 inches from the floor, if installed before September 1, 1993; or
(2) 48 inches from the floor, if installed on or after September 1, 1993.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.155

Rekeying or Change of Security Devices:
(a) A security device operated by a key, card, or combination shall be rekeyed by the landlord at the landlord's expense not later than the seventh day after each tenant turnover date.
(b) A landlord shall perform additional rekeying or change a security device at the tenant's expense if requested by the tenant. A tenant may make an unlimited number of requests under this subsection.
(c) The expense of rekeying security devices for purposes of the use or change of the landlord's master key must be paid by the landlord.
(d) This section does not apply to locks on closet doors or other interior doors.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.156

Security Devices Requested by Tenant:
(a) At a tenant's request made at any time, a landlord, at the tenant's expense, shall install:
(1) a keyed dead bolt on an exterior door if the door has:
(A) a doorknob lock but not a keyed dead bolt; or
(B) a keyless bolting device but not a keyed dead bolt or doorknob lock; and
(2) a sliding door pin lock or sliding door security bar if the door is an exterior sliding glass door without a sliding door pin lock or sliding door security bar.
(b) At a tenant's request made before January 1, 1995, a landlord, at the tenant's expense, shall install on an exterior door of a dwelling constructed before September 1, 1993:
(1) a keyless bolting device if the door does not have a keyless bolting device; and
(2) a door viewer if the door does not have a door viewer.
(c) If a security device required by Section 92.153 to be installed on or after January 1, 1995, without necessity of a tenant's request has not been installed by the landlord, the tenant may request the landlord to immediately install it, and the landlord shall immediately install it at the landlord's expense.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.157

Landlord's Defenses:
Text of section as amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 48, § 17
The landlord has a defense to liability under Section 92.156 if:
(1) the tenant has not fully paid all rent then due from the tenant on the date the tenant gives a request under Subsection (a) of Section 92.153 or the notice required by Section 92.156; or
(2) on the date the tenant terminates the lease or files suit the tenant has not fully paid costs requested by the landlord and authorized by Section 92.154.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.158

For text of section as amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 357, § 3, see § 92.158, post

For text of another section relating to landlord's defenses, as amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 357, § 3, see § 92.167, post

Landlord's Duty to Repair or Replace Security Device:
Text of section as amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 357, § 3

During the lease term and any renewal period, a landlord shall repair or replace a security device on request or notification by the tenant that the security device is inoperable or in need of repair or replacement.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.158

For text of section as amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 48, § 17, see § 92.158, ante

When Tenant's Request or Notice Must be in Writing:
A tenant's request or notice under this subchapter may be given orally unless the tenant has a written lease that requires the request or notice to be in writing and that requirement is underlined or in boldfaced print in the lease.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.159

Type, Brand, and Manner of Installation:
Except as otherwise required by this subchapter, a landlord may select the type, brand, and manner of installation, including placement, of a security device installed under this  ubchapter.
This section does not apply to a security device installed, repaired, changed, replaced, or rekeyed by a tenant under Section 92.164(a)(1) or 92.165(1).  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.160

Compliance With Tenant Request Required Within Reasonable Time:
(a) Except as provided by Subsections (b) and (c), a landlord must comply with a tenant's request for rekeying, changing, installing, repairing, or replacing a security device under Section 92.156, 92.157, or 92.158 within a reasonable time. A reasonable time for purposes of this subsection is presumed to be not later than the seventh day after the date the request is received by the landlord.
(b) If within the time allowed under Section 92.162(c) a landlord requests advance payment of charges that the landlord is entitled to collect under that section, the landlord shall comply with a tenant's request under Section 92.156(b), 92.157(a), or 92.157(b) within a reasonable time. A
reasonable time for purposes of this subsection is presumed to be not later than the seventh day after the date a tenant's advance payment is received by the landlord, except as provided by Subsection (c).
(c) A reasonable time for purposes of Subsections (a) and (b) is presumed to be not later than72 hours after the time of receipt of the tenant's request and any required advance payment if at the time of making the request the tenant informed the landlord that:
(1) an unauthorized entry occurred or was attempted in the tenant's dwelling;
(2) an unauthorized entry occurred or was attempted in another unit in the multiunit complex in which the tenant's dwelling is located during the two months preceding the date of the request; or
(3) a crime of personal violence occurred in the multiunit complex in which the tenant's dwelling is located during the two months preceding the date of the request.
(d) A landlord may rebut the presumption provided by Subsection (a) or (b) if despite the diligence of the landlord:
(1) the landlord did not know of the tenant's request, without the fault of the landlord;
(2) materials, labor, or utilities were unavailable; or
(3) a delay was caused by circumstances beyond the landlord's control, including the illness or death of the landlord or a member of the landlord's immediate family.
(e) This section does not apply to a landlord's duty to install or rekey, without necessity of a tenant's request, a security device under Section 92.153 or 92.156(a).  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.161

Payment of Charges; Limits on Amount Charged:
(a) A landlord may not require a tenant to pay for repair or replacement of a security device due to normal wear and tear. A landlord may not require a tenant to pay for other repairs or
replacements of a security device except as provided by Subsections (b), (c), and (d).
(b) A landlord may require a tenant to pay for repair or replacement of a security device if an underlined provision in a written lease authorizes the landlord to do so and the repair or replacement is necessitated by misuse or damage by the tenant, a member of the tenant's family, an occupant, or a guest, and not by normal wear and tear. Misuse of or damage to a security device that occurs during the tenant's occupancy is presumed to be caused by the tenant, a family member, an occupant, or a guest. The tenant has the burden of proving that the misuse or damage was caused by another party.
(c) A landlord may require a tenant to pay in advance charges for which the tenant is liable under this subchapter if a written lease authorizes the landlord to require advance payment, and the landlord notifies the tenant within a reasonable time after the tenant's request that advance
payment is required, and:
(1) the tenant is more than 30 days delinquent in reimbursing the landlord for charges to which the landlord is entitled under Subsection (b); or
(2) the tenant requested that the landlord repair, install, change, or rekey the same security device during the 30 days preceding the tenant's request, and the landlord complied with the request.
(d) A landlord authorized by this subchapter to charge a tenant for repairing, installing, changing, or rekeying a security device under this subchapter may not require the tenant to pay
more than the total cost charged by a third-party contractor for material, labor, taxes, and extra keys. If the landlord's employees perform the work, the charge may include a reasonable amount for overhead but may not include a profit to the landlord. If management company employees perform the work, the charge may include reasonable overhead and profit but may not exceed the cost charged to the owner by the management company for comparable security devices installed by management company employees at the owner's request and expense.
(e) The owner of a dwelling shall reimburse a management company, managing agent, or on-site manager for costs expended by that person in complying with this subchapter. A management company, managing agent, or on-site manager may reimburse itself for the costs from the owner's funds in its possession or control.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.162

Removal or Alteration of Security Device by Tenant:
A security device that is installed, changed, or rekeyed under this subchapter becomes a fixture of the dwelling. Except as provided by Section 92.164(a)(1) or 92.165(1) regarding the remedy of repair-and-deduct, a tenant may not remove, change, rekey, replace, or alter a security device or have it removed, changed, rekeyed, replaced, or altered without permission of the landlord.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.163

Tenant Remedies for Landlord's Failure to Install or Rekey Certain Security Devices:
(a) If a landlord does not comply with Section 92.153 or 92.156(a) regarding installation or rekeying of a security device, the tenant may:
(1) install or rekey the security device as required by this subchapter and deduct the reasonable cost of material, labor, taxes, and extra keys from the tenant's next rent payment, in
accordance with Section 92.166;
(2) serve a written request for compliance on the landlord, and, except as provided by Subsections (b) and (c), if the landlord does not comply on or before the third day after the date the notice is received, unilaterally terminate the lease without court proceedings;
(3) file suit against the landlord without serving a request for compliance and obtain a judgment for:
(A) a court order directing the landlord to comply, if the tenant is in possession of the dwelling;
(B) the tenant's actual damages;
(C) court costs; and
(D) attorney's fees except in suits for recovery of property damages, personal injuries, or wrongful death; and
(4) serve a written request for compliance on the landlord, and, except as provided by Subsections (b) and (c), if the landlord does not comply on or before the third day after the date the notice is received, file suit against the landlord and obtain a judgment for:
(A) a court order directing the landlord to comply and bring all dwellings owned by the landlord into compliance, if the tenant serving the written request is in possession of the dwelling;
(B) the tenant's actual damages;
(C) punitive damages if the tenant suffers actual damages;
(D) a civil penalty of one month's rent plus $500;
(E) court costs; and
(F) attorney's fees except in suits for recovery of property damages, personal injuries, or wrongful death.
(b) A tenant may not unilaterally terminate the lease under Subsection (a)(2) or file suit against the landlord to obtain a judgment under Subsection (a)(4) unless the landlord does not comply on or before the seventh day after the date the written request for compliance is received if the lease includes language underlined or in boldface print that in substance provides the tenant with notice that:
(1) the landlord at the landlord's expense is required to equip the dwelling, when the tenant takes possession, with the security devices described by Sections 92.153(a)(1)–(4) and (6);
(2) the landlord is not required to install a doorknob lock or keyed dead bolt at the landlord's expense if the exterior doors meet the requirements of Section 92.153(f);
(3) the landlord is not required to install a keyless bolting device at the landlord's expense on an exterior door if the landlord is expressly required or permitted to periodically check on the well-being or health of the tenant as provided by Section 92.153(e)(3); and
(4) the tenant has the right to install or rekey a security device required by this subchapter and deduct the reasonable cost from the tenant's next rent payment, as provided by Subsection (a)(1).
(c) Regardless of whether the lease contains language complying with the requirements of Subsection (b), the additional time for landlord compliance provided by Subsection (b) does not
apply if at the time the tenant served the written request for compliance on the landlord the tenant informed the landlord that an unauthorized entry occurred or was attempted in the tenant's dwelling, an unauthorized entry occurred or was attempted in another unit in the multiunit complex in which the tenant's dwelling is located during the two months preceding the date of the request, or a crime of personal violence occurred in the multiunit complex in which the tenant's dwelling is located during the two months preceding the date of the request, unless despite the diligence of the
landlord:
(1) the landlord did not know of the tenant's request, without the fault of the landlord;
(2) materials, labor, or utilities were unavailable; or
(3) a delay was caused by circumstances beyond the landlord's control, including the illness or death of the landlord or a member of the landlord's immediate family.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.164

Tenant Remedies for Other Landlord Violations:
If a landlord does not comply with a tenant's request regarding rekeying, changing, adding, repairing, or replacing a security device under Section 92.156(b), 92.157, or 92.158 in accordance with the time limits and other requirements of this subchapter, the tenant may:
(1) install, repair, change, replace, or rekey the security devices as required by this subchapter and deduct the reasonable cost of material, labor, taxes, and extra keys from the tenant's next rent payment in accordance with Section 92.166;
(2) unilaterally terminate the lease without court proceedings; and
(3) file suit against the landlord and obtain a judgment for:
(A) a court order directing the landlord to comply, if the tenant is in possession of the dwelling;
(B) the tenant's actual damages;
(C) punitive damages if the tenant suffers actual damages and the landlord's failure to comply is intentional, malicious, or grossly negligent;
(D) a civil penalty of one month's rent plus $500;
(E) court costs; and
(F) attorney's fees except in suits for recovery of property damages, personal injuries, or wrongful death.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.165

Notice of Tenant's Deduction of Repair Costs From Rent:
(a) A tenant shall notify the landlord of a rent deduction attributable to the tenant's installing, repairing, changing, replacing, or rekeying of a security device under Section 92.164(a)(1) or 92.165(1) after the landlord's failure to comply with this subchapter. The notice must be given at
the time of the reduced rent payment.
(b) Unless otherwise provided in a written lease, a tenant shall provide one duplicate of the key to any key-operated security device installed or rekeyed by the tenant under Section 92.164(a)(1)or 92.165(1) within a reasonable time after the landlord's written request for the key.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.166

Landlord's Defenses:
(a) A landlord has a defense to liability under Section 92.165 if on the date the tenant terminates the lease or files suit the tenant has not fully paid costs requested by the landlord and authorized by this subchapter.
(b) A management company or managing agent who is not the owner of a dwelling and who has not purported to be the owner in the lease has a defense to liability under Sections 92.164 and
92.165 if before the date the tenant is in possession of the dwelling or the date of the tenant's request for installation, repair, replacement, change, or rekeying and before any property damage or personal injury to the tenant, the management company or managing agent:
(1) did not have funds of the dwelling owner in its possession or control with which to comply with this subchapter;
(2) made written request to the dwelling owner that the owner fund and allow installation, repair, change, replacement, or rekeying of security devices as required under this subchapter and mailed the request, certified mail return receipt requested, to the dwelling owner; and
(3) not later than the third day after the date of receipt of the tenant's request, provided the tenant with a written notice:
(A) stating that the management company or managing agent has taken the actions in Subdivisions (1) and (2);
(B) stating that the owner has not provided or will not provide the necessary funds; and
(C) explaining the remedies available to the tenant for the landlord's failure to comply.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.167

Tenant's Remedy on Notice From Management Company:
The tenant may unilaterally terminate the lease or exercise other remedies under Sections 92.164 and 92.165 after receiving written notice from a management company that the owner of
the dwelling has not provided or will not provide funds to repair, install, change, replace, or rekey a security device as required by this subchapter.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.168

Agent for Delivery of Notice:
A managing agent or an agent to whom rent is regularly paid, whether residing or maintaining an office on-site or off-site, is the agent of the landlord for purposes of notice and other
communications required or permitted by this subchapter.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.169

Effect on Other Landlord Duties and Tenant Remedies:
The duties of a landlord and the remedies of a tenant under this subchapter are in lieu of common law, other statutory law, and local ordinances relating to a residential landlord's duty to install, change, rekey, repair, or replace security devices and a tenant's remedies for the landlord's failure to install, change, rekey, repair, or replace security devices, except that a municipal ordinance adopted before January 1, 1993, may require installation of security devices at the landlord's expense by an earlier date than a date required by this subchapter. This subchapter does not affect a duty of a landlord or a remedy of a tenant under Subchapter B regarding
habitability.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.170

SUBCHAPTER E. DISCLOSURE OF OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

Disclosure of Ownership and Management:
(a) A landlord shall disclose to a tenant, or to any government official or employee acting in an official capacity, according to this subchapter:
(1) the name and either a street or post office box address of the holder of record title, according to the deed records in the county clerk's office, of the dwelling rented by the tenant or inquired about by the government official or employee acting in an official capacity; and
(2) if an entity located off-site from the dwelling is primarily responsible for managing the dwelling, the name and street address of the management company.
(b) Disclosure to a tenant under Subsection (a) must be made by:
(1) giving the information in writing to the tenant on or before the seventh day after the day the landlord receives the tenant's request for the information;
(2) continuously posting the information in a conspicuous place in the dwelling or the office of the on-site manager or on the outside of the entry door to the office of the on-site manager on or before the seventh day after the date the landlord receives the tenant's request for the information;
or
(3) including the information in a copy of the tenant's lease or in written rules given to the tenant before the tenant requests the information.
(c) Disclosure of information to a tenant may be made under Subdivision (1) or (2) of Subsection (b) before the tenant requests the information.
(d) Disclosure of information to a government official or employee must be made by giving the information in writing to the official or employee on or before the seventh day after the date the landlord receives the request from the official or employee for the information.
(e) A correction to the information may be made by any of the methods authorized for providing the information.
(f) For the purposes of this section, an owner or property manager may disclose either an actual name or names or an assumed name if an assumed name certificate has been recorded with the county clerk.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.201

Landlord's Failure to Disclose Information:
(a) A landlord is liable to a tenant or a governmental body according to this subchapter if:
(1) after the tenant or government official or employee makes a request for information under Section 92.201, the landlord does not provide the information; and
(2) the landlord does not give the information to the tenant or government official or employee before the eighth day after the date the tenant, official, or employee gives the landlord written notice that the tenant, official, or employee may exercise remedies under this subchapter if the landlord does not comply with the request by the tenant, official, or employee for the information within seven days.
(b) If the tenant's lease is in writing, the lease may require the tenant's initial request for information to be written. A request by a government official or employee for information must be in writing.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.202

Landlord's Failure to Correct Information:
A landlord who has provided information under Subdivision (2) or (3) of Subsection (b) of Section 92.201 is liable to a tenant according to this subchapter if:
(1) the information becomes incorrect because a name or address changes; and
(2) the landlord fails to correct the information on or before the seventh day after the date the tenant gives the landlord written notice that the tenant may exercise the remedies under this subchapter if the corrected information is not provided within seven days.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.203

Bad Faith Violation:
A landlord acts in bad faith and is liable according to this subchapter if the landlord gives an incorrect name or address under Subsection (a) of Section 92.201 by wilfully:
(1) disclosing incorrect information under Section 92.201(b)(1) or (2) or Section 92.201(d); or
(2) failing to correct information given under Section 92.201(b)(1) or (2) or Section 92.201(d) that the landlord knows is incorrect.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.204

Remedies:
(a) A tenant of a landlord who is liable under Section 92.202, 92.203, or 92.204 may obtain or exercise one or more of the following remedies:
(1) a court order directing the landlord to make a disclosure required by this subchapter;
(2) a judgment against the landlord for an amount equal to the tenant's actual costs in discovering the information required to be disclosed by this subchapter;
(3) a judgment against the landlord for one month's rent plus $100;
(4) a judgment against the landlord for court costs and attorney's fees; and
(5) unilateral termination of the lease without a court proceeding.
(b) A governmental body whose official or employee has requested information from a landlord who is liable under Section 92.202 or 92.204 may obtain or exercise one or more of the following remedies:
(1) a court order directing the landlord to make a disclosure required by this subchapter;
(2) a judgment against the landlord for an amount equal to the governmental body's actual costs in discovering the information required to be disclosed by this subchapter;
(3) a judgment against the landlord for $500; and
(4) a judgment against the landlord for court costs and attorney's fees.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.205

Landlord's Defense:
A landlord has a defense to liability under Section 92.202 or 92.203 if the tenant owes rent on the date the tenant gives a notice required by either of those sections. Rent delinquency is not a defense for a violation of Section 92.204.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.206

Agents for Delivery of Notice:
(a) A managing or leasing agent, whether residing or maintaining an office on-site or off-site, is the agent of the landlord for purposes of:
(1) notice and other communications required or permitted by this subchapter;
(2) notice and other communications from a governmental body relating to a violation of health, sanitation, safety, or nuisance laws on the landlord's property where the dwelling is located, including notices of:
(A) demands for abatement of nuisances;
(B) repair of a substandard dwelling;
(C) remedy of dangerous conditions;
(D) reimbursement of costs incurred by the governmental body in curing the violation;
(E) fines; and
(F) service of process.
(b) If the landlord's name and business street address in this state have not been furnished in writing to the tenant or government official or employee, the person who collects the rent from a tenant is the landlord's authorized agent for purposes of Subsection (a).  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.207

Additional Enforcement by Local Ordinance:
The duties of a landlord and the remedies of a tenant under this subchapter are in lieu of the common law, other statutory law, and local ordinances relating to the disclosure of ownership and management of a dwelling by a landlord to a tenant. However, this subchapter does not prohibit the adoption of a local ordinance that conforms to this subchapter but which contains additional enforcement provisions.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.208

SUBCHAPTER F. SMOKE DETECTORS

Definition:
In this subchapter, "dwelling unit" means a home, mobile home, duplex unit, apartment unit, condominium unit, or any dwelling unit in a multiunit residential structure. It also means a "dwelling" as defined by Section 92.001.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.251

Application of Other Law; Municipal Regulation:
(a) The duties of a landlord and the remedies of a tenant under this subchapter are in lieu of common law, other statutory law, and local ordinances regarding a residential landlord's duty to
install, inspect, or repair a smoke detector in a dwelling unit. However, this subchapter does not:
(1) affect a local ordinance adopted before September 1, 1981, that requires landlords to install smoke detectors in new or remodeled dwelling units before September 1, 1981, if the
ordinance conforms with or is amended to conform with this subchapter;
(2) limit or prevent adoption or enforcement of a local ordinance relating to fire safety as a part of a building, fire, or housing code, including any requirements relating to the installation of smoke detectors or the type of smoke detectors;
(3) otherwise limit or prevent the adoption of a local ordinance that conforms to this subchapter but which contains additional enforcement provisions, except as provided by
Subsection (b); or
(4) affect a local ordinance that requires regular inspections by local officials of smoke detectors in dwelling units and that requires smoke detectors to be operational at the time of
inspection.
(b) If a smoke detector powered by battery has been installed in a dwelling unit built before September 1, 1987, in compliance with this subchapter and local ordinances, a local ordinance may not require that a smoke detector powered by alternating current be installed in the unit
unless:
(1) the interior of the unit is repaired, remodeled, or rebuilt at a projected cost of more than $2,500 and the repair, remodeling, or rebuilding requires a municipal building permit;
(2) an addition occurs to the unit at a projected cost of more than $2,500;
(3) a smoke detector powered by alternating current was actually installed in the unit at any time prior to September 1, 1987; or
(4) a smoke detector powered by alternating current was required by lawful city ordinance at the time of initial construction of the unit.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.252

Exemptions:
(a) This subchapter does not apply to:
(1) a dwelling unit that is occupied by its owner, no part of which is leased to a tenant;
(2) a dwelling unit in a building five or more stories in height in which smoke detectors are required or regulated by local ordinance; or
(3) a nursing or convalescent home licensed by the Texas Department of Health and certified to meet the Life Safety Code under federal law and regulations.
(b) Notwithstanding this subchapter, a person licensed by the State Board of Insurance to install fire alarms or fire detection devices under Article 5.43–2, Insurance Code, shall comply with that article when installing smoke detectors.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.253

Smoke Detector:
(a) A smoke detector must be:
(1) designed to detect both the visible and invisible products of combustion;
(2) designed with an alarm audible to the bedrooms it serves;
(3) powered by battery, alternating current, or other power source as required by local ordinance;
(4) tested and listed for use as a smoke detector by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Factory Mutual Research Corporation, or United States Testing Company, Inc.; and
(5) in good working order.
(b) The power system and installation procedure of a security device that is electrically operated rather than battery operated must comply with applicable local ordinances.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.254

Installation and Location in New Construction:
(a) Before the first tenant takes possession of a dwelling unit, the landlord shall install at least one smoke detector outside, but in the vicinity of, each separate bedroom in the dwelling unit, except:
(1) if the dwelling unit is designed to use a single room for dining, living, and sleeping, the smoke detector must be located inside the room;
(2) if the bedrooms are served by the same corridor, at least one smoke detector must be installed in the corridor in the immediate vicinity of the bedrooms; and
(3) if at least one bedroom is located on a level above the living and cooking area, the smoke detector for the bedrooms must be placed in the center of the ceiling directly above the top of the stairway.
(b) In this section, "bedroom" means a room designed with the  intent that it be used for sleeping purposes.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.255

Installation in Units Constructed or Occupied on or Before September 1, 1981:
(a) If the dwelling unit was occupied as a residence on or before September 1, 1981, or the building permit for the unit was issued on or before that date, the landlord shall install at least one smoke detector in accordance with Sections 92.255 and 92.257 on or before September 1, 1984.
(b) Before September 1, 1984, a tenant may install a battery-operated smoke detector in the tenant's dwelling unit without the landlord's prior consent if the installation is made according to Sections 92.255 and 92.257. When the tenant's lease terminates, including after a renewal or extension, the tenant may remove the smoke detector, but the tenant is liable to the landlord for any unnecessary damages to the dwelling unit caused by the removal.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.256

Installation Procedure:
(a) Subject to Subsections (b) and (c), a smoke detector must be installed according to the manufacturer's recommended procedures.
(b) A smoke detector must be installed on a ceiling or wall. If on a ceiling, it must be no closer than six inches to a wall. If on a wall, it must be no closer than six inches and no farther than 12 inches from the ceiling.
(c) A smoke detector may be located other than as required by Subsection (b) if a local ordinance or a local or state fire marshal approves.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.257

Inspection and Repair:
(a) The landlord shall inspect and repair a smoke detector according to this section.
(b) The landlord shall determine that the smoke detector is in good working order at the beginning of the tenant's possession by testing the smoke detector with smoke, by operating the
testing button on the smoke detector, or by following other recommended test procedures of the manufacturer for the particular model.
(c) During the term of a lease or during a renewal or extension, the landlord has a duty to inspect and repair a smoke detector, but only if the tenant gives the landlord notice of a malfunction or requests to the landlord that the smoke detector be inspected or repaired. This duty does not exist with respect to damage or a malfunction caused by the tenant, the tenant's family, or the tenant's guests or invitees during the term of the lease or a renewal or extension, except that the landlord has a duty to repair or replace the smoke detector if the tenant pays in advance the reasonable repair or replacement cost, including labor, materials, taxes, and overhead.
(d) The landlord must comply with the tenant's request for inspection or repair within a reasonable time, considering the availability of material, labor, and utilities.
(e) The landlord has met the duty to inspect and repair if the smoke detector is in good working order after the landlord tests the smoke detector with smoke, operates the testing button on the smoke detector, or follows other recommended test procedures of the manufacturer for the particular model.
(f) The landlord is not obligated to provide batteries for a battery-operated smoke detector after a tenant takes possession if the smoke detector was in good working order at the time the
tenant took possession.
(g) A smoke detector that is in good working order at the beginning of a tenant's possession is presumed to be in good working order until the tenant requests repair of the smoke detector as provided by this subchapter.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.258

Landlord's Failure to Install, Inspect, or Repair:
(a) A landlord is liable according to this subchapter if:
(1) the landlord did not install a smoke detector at the time of initial occupancy by the tenant as required by this subchapter or a municipal ordinance permitted by this subchapter; or
(2) the landlord does not install, inspect, or repair the smoke detector on or before the seventh day after the date the tenant gives the landlord written notice that the tenant may exercise his remedies under this subchapter if the landlord does not comply with the request within seven days.
(b) If the tenant gives notice under Subsection (a)(2) and the tenant's lease is in writing, the lease may require the tenant to make the initial request for installation, inspection, or repair in writing.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.259

Tenant Remedies:
A tenant of a landlord who is liable under Section 92.259 may obtain or exercise one or more of the following remedies:
(1) a court order directing the landlord to comply with the tenant's request if the tenant is in possession of the dwelling unit;
(2) a judgment against the landlord for damages suffered by the tenant because of the landlord's violation;
(3) a judgment against the landlord for a civil penalty of one month's rent plus $100 if the landlord violates Section 92.259(a)(2);
(4) a judgment against the landlord for court costs;
(5) a judgment against the landlord for attorney's fees in an action under Subdivision (1) or (3); and
(6) unilateral termination of the lease without a court proceeding if the landlord violates Section 92.259(a)(2).  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.260

Landlord's Defenses:
The landlord has a defense to liability under Section 92.259 if:
(1) on the date the tenant gives the notice required by Section 92.259 the tenant has not paid all rent due from the tenant; or
(2) on the date the tenant terminates the lease or files suit the tenant has not fully paid costs requested by the landlord and authorized by Section 92.258.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.261

Tenant's Disabling of a Smoke Detector:
(a) A tenant is liable according to this subchapter if the tenant removes a battery from a smoke detector without immediately replacing it with a working battery or knowingly disconnects or intentionally damages a smoke detector, causing it to malfunction.
(b) Except as provided in Subsection (c), a landlord of a tenant who is liable under Subsection (a) may obtain a judgment against the tenant for damages suffered by the landlord because the tenant removed a battery from a smoke detector without immediately replacing it with a working battery or knowingly disconnected or intentionally damaged the smoke detector, causing it to malfunction.
(c) A tenant is not liable for damages suffered by the landlord if the damage is caused by the landlord's failure to repair the smoke detector within a reasonable time after the tenant requests it to be repaired, considering the availability of material, labor, and utilities.
(d) A landlord of a tenant who is liable under Subsection (a) may obtain or exercise one or more of the remedies in Subsection (e) if:
(1) a lease between the landlord and tenant contains a notice, in underlined or boldfaced print, which states in substance that the tenant must not disconnect or intentionally damage a smoke detector or remove the battery without immediately replacing it with a working battery and that the tenant may be subject to damages, civil penalties, and attorney's fees under Section 92.2611 of the Property Code for not complying with the notice; and
(2) the landlord has given notice to the tenant that the landlord intends to exercise the landlord's remedies under this subchapter if the tenant does not reconnect, repair, or replace the smoke detector or replace the removed battery within seven days after being notified by the landlord to do so.

The notice in Subdivision (2) must be in a separate document furnished to the tenant after the landlord has discovered that the tenant has disconnected or damaged the smoke detector or
removed a battery from it.

(e) If a tenant is liable under Subsection (a) and the tenant does not comply with the landlord's notice under Subsection (d), the landlord shall have the following remedies against the tenant:
(1) a court order directing the tenant to comply with the landlord's notice;
(2) a judgment against the tenant for a civil penalty of one month's rent plus $100;
(3) a judgment against the tenant for court costs; and
(4) a judgment against the tenant for reasonable attorney's fees.
(f) A tenant's guest or invitee who suffers damage because of a landlord's failure to install, inspect, or repair a smoke detector as required by this subchapter may recover a judgment against the landlord for the damage. A tenant's guest or invitee who suffers damage because the tenant removed a battery without immediately replacing it with a working battery or because the tenant knowingly disconnected or intentionally damaged the smoke detector, causing it to malfunction, may recover a judgment against the tenant for the damage.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.2611

Agents for Delivery of Notice:
A managing or leasing agent, whether residing or maintaining an office on-site or off-site, is the agent of the landlord for purposes of notice and other communications required or permitted by this subchapter.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.262

SUBCHAPTER G. UTILITY CUTOFF

Landlord Liability to Tenant for Utility Cutoff:
(a) A landlord who has expressly or impliedly agreed in the lease to furnish and pay for water, gas, or electric service to the tenant's dwelling is liable to the tenant if the utility company has cut off utility service to the tenant's dwelling or has given written notice to the tenant that such utility service is about to be cut off because of the landlord's nonpayment of the utility bill.
(b) If a landlord is liable to the tenant under Subsection (a) of this section, the tenant may:
(1) pay the utility company money to reconnect or avert the cutoff of utilities according to this section;
(2) terminate the lease if the termination notice is in writing and move-out is to be within 30 days from the date the tenant has notice from the utility company of a future cutoff or notice of an actual cutoff, whichever is sooner;
(3) deduct from the tenant's rent, without necessity of judicial action, the amounts paid to the utility company to reconnect or avert a cutoff;
(4) if the lease is terminated by the tenant, deduct the tenant's security deposit from the tenant's rent without necessity of lawsuit or obtain a refund of the tenant's security deposit pursuant to law;
(5) if the lease is terminated by the tenant, recover a pro rata refund of any advance rentals paid from the date of termination or the date the tenant moves out, whichever is later;
(6) recover actual damages, including but not limited to moving costs, utility connection fees, storage fees, and lost wages from work; and
(7) recover court costs and attorney's fees, excluding any attorney's fees for a cause of action for damages relating to a personal injury.
(c) When deducting for the tenant's payment of the landlord's utility bill under this section, the tenant shall submit to the landlord a copy of a receipt from the utility company which evidences the amount of payment made by the tenant to reconnect or avert cutoff of utilities.
(d) The tenant remedies under this section are effective on the date the tenant has notice from the utility company of a future cutoff or notice of an actual cutoff, whichever is sooner. However, the tenant's remedies under this section shall cease if:
(1) the landlord provides the tenant with written evidence from the utility that all delinquent sums due the utility have been paid in full; and
(2) at the time the tenant receives such evidence, the tenant has not yet terminated the lease or filed suit under this section.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.301

SUBCHAPTER H. RETALIATION

Retaliation by Landlord:
(a) A landlord may not retaliate against a tenant by taking an action described by Subsection
(b) because the tenant:
(1) in good faith exercises or attempts to exercise against a landlord a right or remedy granted to the tenant by lease, municipal ordinance, or federal or state statute;
(2) gives a landlord a notice to repair or exercise a remedy under this chapter; or
(3) complains to a governmental entity responsible for enforcing building or housing codes, a public utility, or a civic or nonprofit agency, and the tenant:
(A) claims a building or housing code violation or utility problem; and
(B) believes in good faith that the complaint is valid and that the violation or problem occurred.
(b) A landlord may not, within six months after the date of the tenant's action under Subsection (a), retaliate against the tenant by:
(1) filing an eviction proceeding, except for the grounds stated by Section 92.332;
(2) depriving the tenant of the use of the premises, except for reasons authorized by law;
(3) decreasing services to the tenant;
(4) increasing the tenant's rent or terminating the tenant's lease; or
(5) engaging, in bad faith, in a course of conduct that materially interferes with the tenant's
rights under the tenant's lease.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.331

Redesignated from V.T.C.A., Property Code § 92.057(a) and amended by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 869, § 5, eff. Jan. 1, 1996.

Nonretaliation:
(a) The landlord is not liable for retaliation under this subchapter if the landlord proves that the action was not made for purposes of retaliation, nor is the landlord liable, unless the action violates a prior court order under Section 92.0563, for:
(1) increasing rent under an escalation clause in a written lease for utilities, taxes, or insurance; or
(2) increasing rent or reducing services as part of a pattern of rent increases or service reductions for an entire multidwelling project.
(b) An eviction or lease termination based on the following circumstances, which are valid grounds for eviction or lease termination in any event, does not constitute retaliation:
(1) the tenant is delinquent in rent when the landlord gives notice to vacate or files an eviction action;
(2) the tenant, a member of the tenant's family, or a guest or invitee of the tenant intentionally damages property on the premises or by word or conduct threatens the personal safety of the landlord, the landlord's employees, or another tenant;
(3) the tenant has materially breached the lease, other than by holding over, by an action such as violating written lease provisions prohibiting serious misconduct or criminal acts, except as provided by this section;
(4) the tenant holds over after giving notice of termination or intent to vacate;
(5) the tenant holds over after the landlord gives notice of termination at the end of the rental term and the tenant does not take action under Section 92.331 until after the landlord gives notice of termination; or
(6) the tenant holds over and the landlord's notice of termination is motivated by a good faith belief that the tenant, a member of the tenant's family, or a guest or invitee of the tenant might:
(A) adversely affect the quiet enjoyment by other tenants or neighbors;
(B) materially affect the health or safety of the landlord, other tenants, or neighbors; or
(C) damage the property of the landlord, other tenants, or neighbors.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.332

Redesignated from V.T.C.A., Property Code § 92.057(b), (c) and amended by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 869, § 5, eff. Jan. 1, 1996.

Tenant Remedies:
In addition to other remedies provided by law, if a landlord retaliates against a tenant under this subchapter, the tenant may recover from the landlord a civil penalty of one month's rent plus $500, actual damages, court costs, and reasonable attorney's fees in an action for recovery of property damages, moving costs, actual expenses, civil penalties, or declaratory or injunctive relief, less any delinquent rents or other sums for which the tenant is liable to the landlord. If the tenant's rent payment to the landlord is subsidized in whole or in part by a governmental entity, the civil penalty granted under this section shall reflect the fair market rent of the dwelling plus $500.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.333

Redesignated from V.T.C.A., Property Code § 92.057(d) and amended by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 869, § 5, eff. Jan. 1, 1996.

Invalid Complaints:
(a) If a tenant files or prosecutes a suit for retaliatory action based on a complaint asserted under Section 92.331(a)(3), and the government building or housing inspector or utility company representative visits the premises and determines in writing that a violation of a building or housing
code does not exist or that a utility problem does not exist, there is a rebuttable presumption that the tenant acted in bad faith.
(b) If a tenant files or prosecutes a suit under this subchapter in bad faith, the landlord may recover possession of the dwelling unit and may recover from the tenant a civil penalty of one month's rent plus $500, court costs, and reasonable attorney's fees. If the tenant's rent payment to
the landlord is subsidized in whole or in part by a  governmental entity, the civil penalty granted under this section shall reflect the fair market rent of the dwelling plus $500.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.334
Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 869, § 5, eff. Jan. 1, 1996.

Eviction Suits:
In an eviction suit, retaliation by the landlord under Section 92.331 is a defense and a rent deduction lawfully made by the tenant under this chapter is a defense for nonpayment of the rent to the extent allowed by this chapter. Other judicial actions under this chapter may not be joined with an eviction suit or asserted as a defense or crossclaim in an eviction suit.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.335
Acts 1983, 68th Leg., p. 3638, ch. 576, § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1984. Amended by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 650, § 11, eff. Aug. 28, 1989.

Renumbered from V.T.C.A., Property Code § 92.059 and amended by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 869, § 5, eff. Jan. 1, 1996.

SUBCHAPTER I. RENTAL APPLICATION DEPOSITS

Definitions:
For purposes of this subchapter:
(1) "Application deposit" means a sum of money that is given to the landlord in connection with a rental application and that is refundable to the applicant if the applicant is rejected as a tenant.
(2) "Applicant" or "rental applicant" means a person who makes an application to a landlord for rental of a dwelling.
(3) "Co-applicant" means a person who makes an application for rental of a dwelling with other applicants and who plans to live in the dwelling with other applicants.
(4) "Deposited" means deposited in an account of the landlord or the landlord's agent in a bank or other financial institution.
(5) "Landlord" means a prospective landlord to whom a person makes application for rental of a dwelling.
(6) "Required date" means the required date for any acceptance of the applicant under Section 92.352.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.351

Rejection of Applicant:
(a) The applicant is deemed rejected by the landlord if the landlord does not give notice of acceptance of the applicant on or before the seventh day after the:
(1) date the applicant submits a completed rental application to the landlord on an application form furnished by the landlord; or
(2) date the landlord accepts an application deposit if the landlord does not furnish the applicant an application form.
(b) A landlord's rejection of one co-applicant shall be deemed as a rejection of all co-applicants.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.352
 

Procedures for Notice or Refund:
(a) Except as provided in Subsection (b), a landlord is presumed to have given notice of an applicant's acceptance or rejection if the notice is by:
(1) telephone to the applicant, co-applicant, or a person living with the applicant or co-applicant on or before the required date; or
(2) United States mail, addressed to the applicant and postmarked on or before the required date.
(b) If a rental applicant requests that any acceptance of the applicant or any refund of the applicant's application deposit be mailed to the applicant, the landlord must mail the refund check to the applicant at the address furnished by the applicant.
(c) If the date of required notice of acceptance or required refund of an application deposit is a Saturday, Sunday, or state or federal holiday, the required date shall be extended to the end of the next day following the Saturday, Sunday, or holiday.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.353

Liability of Landlord:
A landlord who in bad faith fails to refund an application deposit in violation of this subchapter is liable for an amount equal to the sum of $100, three times the amount of the application deposit, and the applicant's reasonable attorney's fees in a suit to recover the deposit.  Title 8, Ch. 92, § 92.354

Need Help? Visit our free online discussion forum